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<title>The Observer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>The Observer</i></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="The_Observer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Observer (disambiguation)">The Observer (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Observer (newspaper)" redirects here. For the online-only newspaper, see <a href="The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-newspaper"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Observer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>The Observer</i> front page on 27 April 2025</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunday newspaper<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a> (until 2006)</li><li><a href="Berliner_(format)" title="Berliner (format)">Berliner</a> (2006–2018)</li><li><a href="Compact_(newspaper)" title="Compact (newspaper)">Compact</a> (since 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-GNMArchive2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNMArchive2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tortoise_Media" title="Tortoise Media">Tortoise Media</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="Lucy_Rock" title="Lucy Rock">Lucy Rock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1791<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1791-12-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political alignment</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">Centre-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-undecidedvoters_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undecidedvoters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">British republicanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-New_Statesman,_2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Statesman,_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">22 Berners Street, London W1T 3LP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">Circulation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">136,656 (as of July 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-circlead_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circlead-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0029-7712">0029-7712</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50230244">50230244 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.co.uk">observer<wbr>.co<wbr>.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><i><b>The Observer</b></i> is a British newspaper <a href="Sunday_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday editions">published on Sundays</a>. First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper.

</p><p>In 1993 it was acquired by <a href="Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group Limited</a>, and operated as a sister paper to <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and <i><a href="The_Guardian_Weekly" title="The Guardian Weekly">The Guardian Weekly</a></i>. In December 2024, <a href="Tortoise_Media" title="Tortoise Media">Tortoise Media</a> acquired the paper from the <a href="Scott_Trust_Limited" title="Scott Trust Limited">Scott Trust Limited</a>, with the transition taking place on 22 April 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-TortoiseMedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TortoiseMedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP2024-12-18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP2024-12-18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div>

<p>The first issue was published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne, making <i>The Observer</i> the world's oldest <a href="Sunday_newspaper" title="Sunday newspaper">Sunday newspaper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GNMArchive2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNMArchive2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600. Though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bourne's brother (a wealthy businessman) made an offer to the government, which also refused to buy the paper but agreed to subsidise it in return for influence over its editorial content. As a result, the paper soon took a strong line against progressive reformers such as <a href="Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="Francis_Burdett" title="Francis Burdett">Francis Burdett</a> and <a href="Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div>

<p>In 1807, the brothers decided to relinquish editorial control, naming <a href="Lewis_Doxat" title="Lewis Doxat">Lewis Doxat</a> as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold <i>The Observer</i> to <a href="William_Innell_Clement" title="William Innell Clement">William Innell Clement</a>, a newspaper proprietor who owned a number of publications. The paper continued to receive government subsidies during this period; in 1819, of the approximately 23,000 copies of the paper distributed weekly, approximately 10,000 were given away as "specimen copies", distributed by postmen who were paid to deliver them to "lawyers, doctors, and gentlemen of the town."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Clement maintained ownership of <i>The Observer</i> until his death in 1852. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clement's heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, who also took over the editor's chair.

</p><p>In 1870, wealthy businessman <a href="Julius_Beer" title="Julius Beer">Julius Beer</a> bought the paper and appointed <a href="Edward_Dicey" title="Edward Dicey">Edward Dicey</a> as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beer's son Frederick became the owner upon Julius's death in 1880, he had little interest in the newspaper and was content to leave Dicey as editor until 1889. <a href="Henry_Duff_Traill" title="Henry Duff Traill">Henry Duff Traill</a> took over the editorship after Dicey's departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Frederick's wife, <a href="Rachel_Beer" title="Rachel Beer">Rachel Beer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GNMArchive2002_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNMArchive2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="Sassoon_family" title="Sassoon family">Sassoon family</a>. She remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of <i><a href="The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>, a newspaper that she had also bought..<sup id="cite_ref-history_1791_to_2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_1791_to_2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div>

<p>Upon Frederick's death in 1903, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate <a href="Lord_Northcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a>. In 1911, <a href="William_Waldorf_Astor" title="William Waldorf Astor">William Waldorf Astor</a> was approached by <a href="James_Louis_Garvin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Louis Garvin">James Louis Garvin</a>, the editor of <i>The Observer</i>, about purchasing the newspaper from Northcliffe. Northcliffe and Garvin had a disagreement over the issue of <a href="Imperial_Preference" title="Imperial Preference">Imperial Preference</a>, and Northcliffe had given Garvin the option of finding a buyer for the paper.

</p><p>Northcliffe sold the paper to Astor, who transferred ownership to his son <a href="Waldorf_Astor%2C_2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor">Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor</a> four years later. Astor convinced his father to purchase the paper, which William did on the condition that Garvin also agree to edit the <i><a href="Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a></i>, which was also a property of the Astor family.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garvin departed as editor in 1942.

</p><p>Ownership passed to Waldorf's sons in 1948, with <a href="David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> taking over as editor. He remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, <a href="George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="Paul_Jennings_(UK_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (UK author)">Paul Jennings</a> and <a href="C._A._Lejeune" title="C. A. Lejeune">C. A. Lejeune</a>. In 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant <a href="ARCO" title="ARCO">Atlantic Richfield</a> (now called ARCO) who sold it to <a href="Lonrho" title="Lonrho">Lonrho plc</a> in 1981.

</p><p>It became part of the <a href="Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a> in June 1993, after a rival acquisition bid by <i><a href="The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Indy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Farzad_Bazoft" title="Farzad Bazoft">Farzad Bazoft</a>, a journalist for <i>The Observer</i>, was executed in <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in 1990 on charges of spying. In 2003, <i>The Observer</i> interviewed the Iraqi colonel who had arrested and interrogated Bazoft and who was convinced that Bazoft was not a spy.<sup id="cite_ref-Farzad1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farzad1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div>

<p>On 27 February 2005, <i>The Observer</i> Blog<sup id="cite_ref-ObserverBlog1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObserverBlog1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was launched. In addition to the weekly <i>Observer Magazine</i> <a href="Colour_supplement" title="Colour supplement">colour supplement</a> which is still present every Sunday, for several years each issue of <i>The Observer</i> came with a different free monthly magazine. These magazines had the titles <i>Observer Sport Monthly</i>, <i>Observer Music Monthly</i>, <i>Observer Woman</i> and <i>Observer Food Monthly</i>.

</p><p><i>The Observer</i> followed its daily partner <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and converted to <a href="Berliner_(format)" title="Berliner (format)">Berliner</a> format on Sunday 8 January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianObserverRelaunch1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianObserverRelaunch1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GuardianObserverRelaunch2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianObserverRelaunch2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>The Observer</i> was awarded the <i>National Newspaper of the Year</i> at the <a href="British_Press_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="British Press Awards">British Press Awards</a> 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editor <a href="Roger_Alton" title="Roger Alton">Roger Alton</a> stepped down at the end of 2007, and was replaced by his deputy, <a href="John_Mulholland_(journalist)" title="John Mulholland (journalist)">John Mulholland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20080103_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20080103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The paper was banned in <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in February 2008 for publishing cartoons of the Islamic prophet <a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In early 2010, the paper was restyled. An article on the paper's website previewing the new version stated that "The News section, which will incorporate Business and personal finance, will be home to a new section, Seven Days, offering a complete round-up of the previous week's main news from Britain and around the world, and will also focus on more analysis and comment."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In July 2021, <a href="Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> announced that <i>The Guardian</i> continued to be the UK's most widely used newspaper website and app for news and had increased its audience share by 1% over the preceding year. 23% of consumers, who used websites or apps for news, used <i>The Guardian</i>, which also then hosted <i>The Observer</i> online content. This compared to 22% for the <i><a href="Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> website.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sale_to_Tortoise_Media">Sale to Tortoise Media</h4></div>

<p>In September 2024, <i>The Guardian</i> revealed it was in talks to sell <i>The Observer</i> to news website <a href="Tortoise_Media" title="Tortoise Media">Tortoise Media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists at <a href="Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a> passed a vote to condemn the sale and passed a vote of no confidence in the newspaper’s owners, accusing it of betrayal amid concerns that the sale of the paper could harm the financial security of staff members.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 December 2024, it was announced that, despite 48 hours of strikes by journalists, the <i>Observer</i> deal with Tortoise was agreed in principle and would go ahead. The agreement included the Trust taking a significant stock position in the purchaser. The final sale price has not been disclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 18 December 2024, Guardian Media and Tortoise Media closed the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-TortoiseMedia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TortoiseMedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP2024-12-18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP2024-12-18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new website was launched on 25 April 2025 and the first print edition under the new owners appeared on 27 April 2025.

</p><p>It was announced that Lucy Rock, previously the paper's deputy editor, would be the new editor of the Observer.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later clarified she is editor (print) reporting to the editor-in-chief, founder and major shareholder <a href="James_Harding_(journalist)" title="James Harding (journalist)">James Harding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supplements_and_features">Supplements and features</h2></div>

<p>After the paper was rejuvenated in early 2010, the main paper came with only a small number of supplements – <i>Sport</i>, <i>The Observer Magazine</i>, <i>The New Review</i> and <i>The New York Times International Weekly</i>, an 8-page supplement of articles selected from <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that has been distributed with the paper since 2007. Every four weeks the paper includes <i>The Observer Food Monthly</i> magazine, and in September 2013 it launched <i>Observer Tech Monthly</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a science and technology section which won the Grand Prix at the 2014 Newspaper Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Previously, the main paper had come with a larger range of supplements including <i>Sport</i>, <i>Business & Media</i>, <i>Review</i>, <i>Escape</i> (a travel supplement), <i>The Observer Magazine</i> and various special interest monthlies, such as <i>The Observer Food Monthly</i>, <i>Observer Women monthly</i> which was launched in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Observer Sport Monthly</i> and <i>The Observer Film Magazine</i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Newsroom">The Newsroom</h2></div>

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<p><i>The Observer</i> and its sister newspaper <i>The Guardian</i> operate a visitor centre in London called The Newsroom. It contains their archives, including bound copies of old editions, a photographic library and other items such as diaries, letters and notebooks. This material may be consulted by members of the public. The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational programme for schools.

</p><p>In November 2007, <i>The Observer</i> and <i>The Guardian</i> made their archives available over the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current extent of the archives available is 1791 to 2000 for <i>The Observer</i> and 1821 to 2000 for <i>The Guardian</i>. They will eventually go up to 2003. In 2023, copies from 2004 onwards and gaps were to be filled up to the latest edition.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editors">Editors</h2></div>

<ul><li>W. S. Bourne & W. H. Bourne (1791–1807)</li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Doxat" title="Lewis Doxat">Lewis Doxat</a> (1807–1857)</li>

<li>Joseph Snowe (1857–1870)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Dicey" title="Edward Dicey">Edward Dicey</a> (1870–1889)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Duff_Traill" title="Henry Duff Traill">Henry Duff Traill</a> (1889–1891)</li>

<li><a href="Rachel_Beer" title="Rachel Beer">Rachel Beer</a> (1891–1904)</li>

<li><a href="Austin_Harrison" title="Austin Harrison">Austin Harrison</a> (1904–1908)</li>

<li><a href="James_Louis_Garvin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Louis Garvin">James Louis Garvin</a> (1908–1942)</li>

<li><a href="Ivor_Brown" title="Ivor Brown">Ivor Brown</a> (1942–1948)</li>

<li><a href="David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> (1948–1975)</li>

<li><a href="Donald_Trelford" title="Donald Trelford">Donald Trelford</a> (1975–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Jonathan Fenby</a> (1993–1995)</li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Jaspan" title="Andrew Jaspan">Andrew Jaspan</a> (1995–1996)</li>

<li><a href="Will_Hutton" title="Will Hutton">Will Hutton</a> (1996–1998)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Alton" title="Roger Alton">Roger Alton</a> (1998–2007)<sup id="cite_ref-GNMArchive2002_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNMArchive2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="John_Mulholland_(journalist)" title="John Mulholland (journalist)">John Mulholland</a> (2008–2018)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Webster_(journalist)" title="Paul Webster (journalist)">Paul Webster</a> (2018–2024)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photographers">Photographers</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Jane_Bown" title="Jane Bown">Jane Bown</a> (resident from 1949 until her death in 2014)</li>

<li><a href="Stuart_Heydinger" title="Stuart Heydinger">Stuart Heydinger</a> (1960–1966)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Olmos" title="Antonio Olmos">Antonio Olmos</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Harry_Borden" title="Harry Borden">Harry Borden</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Peto" title="Michael Peto">Michael Peto</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Colin_Jones_(photographer)" title="Colin Jones (photographer)">Colin Jones</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Dean_Chalkley" title="Dean Chalkley">Dean Chalkley</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Don_McCullin" title="Don McCullin">Don McCullin</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Philip_Jones_Griffiths" title="Philip Jones Griffiths">Philip Jones Griffiths</a> (freelance)</li>

<li><a href="Giles_Duley" title="Giles Duley">Giles Duley</a> (freelance)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div>

<p><i>The Observer</i> was named the <a href="British_Press_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="British Press Awards">British Press Awards</a> <i>National Newspaper of the Year</i> for 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteroll_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteroll-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its supplements have three times won "Regular Supplement of the Year" (<i>Sport Monthly</i>, 2001; <i>Food Monthly</i>, 2006, 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteroll_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteroll-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Observer</i> journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteroll_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteroll-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>"Interviewer of the Year" (<a href="Lynn_Barber" title="Lynn Barber">Lynn Barber</a>, 2001; <a href="Sean_O'Hagan_(journalist)" title="Sean O'Hagan (journalist)">Sean O'Hagan</a>, 2002; <a href="Rachel_Cooke" title="Rachel Cooke">Rachel Cooke</a>, 2005; Chrissy Iley <small>(freelance for <i>Observer</i> and <i>Sunday Times</i> magazine)</small>, 2007)</li>

<li>"Critic of the Year" (<a href="Jay_Rayner" title="Jay Rayner">Jay Rayner</a>, 2005; <a href="Philip_French" title="Philip French">Philip French</a>, 2008; <a href="Rowan_Moore" title="Rowan Moore">Rowan Moore</a>, 2013)</li>

<li>"Food & Drink Writer of the Year" (John Carlin, 2003)</li>

<li>"Travel Writer of the Year" (Tim Moore, 2004)</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AJournalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALondon" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Smith_Memorial_Mace" title="John Smith Memorial Mace"><i>Observer</i> Mace</a> – debating tournament, now known as the John Smith Memorial Mace</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If <a href="Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> falls on Sunday, a special Christmas edition is instead published on Saturday, which will be <a href="Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/2">"History of the Observer"</a>. Guardian News & Media archive. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 5 June 2002 [updated 22 April 2025]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250510204303/https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2025.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-undecidedvoters-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-undecidedvoters_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWells2004" class="citation web cs1">Wells, Matt (16 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/16/uselections2004.usa2">"World writes to undecided voters"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250321021158/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/16/uselections2004.usa2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2025.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-New_Statesman,_2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Statesman,_2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKatwala2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Sunder_Katwala" title="Sunder Katwala">Katwala, Sunder</a> (7 February 2012). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2012/02/monarchy-jubilee-media-public">"The monarchy is more secure than ever"</a></span>. <i><a href="The_New_Statesman" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Statesman">The New Statesman</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250317150742/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2012/02/monarchy-jubilee-media-public">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2025. <q>There are four pro-Republic national newspapers in the <i>Guardian</i>, <i>Observer</i>, <i>Independent</i> and <i>Independent on Sunday</i>, making up no less than half of the "broadsheet" press against the <i>Times</i> and <i>Telegraph</i> titles.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-circlead-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-circlead_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTobitt2024" class="citation web cs1">Tobitt, Charlotte (17 September 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/media_business/guardian-ends-four-year-run-of-revenue-growth-and-reports-36-5m-deficit/">"Guardian considers sale of Observer to Tortoise after reporting £36.5m deficit for 2023/24"</a></span>. <i><a href="Press_Gazette" title="Press Gazette">Press Gazette</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240917132347/https://pressgazette.co.uk/media_business/guardian-ends-four-year-run-of-revenue-growth-and-reports-36-5m-deficit/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2024. <q>The Observer has not published its ABC print circulation figure since July 2021 when it had weekly sales of 136,656.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TortoiseMedia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TortoiseMedia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TortoiseMedia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRackham2024" class="citation web cs1">Rackham, Annabel (6 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89xvjz75l1o">"Observer newspaper sale to Tortoise Media approved"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241206114046/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89xvjz75l1o">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AP2024-12-18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP2024-12-18_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP2024-12-18_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPylas2024" class="citation web cs1">Pylas, Pan (18 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/britain-newspaper-guardian-observer-tortoise-media">"World's oldest Sunday newspaper, the UK's Observer, sold in face of journalistic opposition"</a>. <a href="The_Associated_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press">The Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241218152203/https://apnews.com/britain-newspaper-guardian-observer-tortoise-media">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing2024" class="citation web cs1">King, Ben (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy80n75g5w1o">"Guardian in talks to sell world's oldest Sunday paper"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918012816/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy80n75g5w1o">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin,_John2020" class="citation cs2">Simkin, John (January 2020) [September 1997], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/PRsundayobserver.htm">"Sunday Observer"</a>, <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2025</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Dennis_Griffiths" title="Dennis Griffiths">Dennis Griffiths</a> (ed.), <i>The Encyclopedia of the British Press, 1422–1992</i>, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992, p. 159.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-history_1791_to_2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_1791_to_2006_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917013231/http://www.adinfo-guardian.co.uk/the-observer/observer-history.shtml">"A brief history of The Observer <i>(1791 to 2006)</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adinfo-guardian.co.uk/the-observer/observer-history.shtml">the original</a> on 17 September 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gollin, Alfred M, <i>The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908–1914</i> (London: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1960), pgs. 300–303.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Indy-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indy_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeapman1993" class="citation news cs1">Leapman, Michael (15 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/new-editor-chosen-for-observer-guardian-deputy-to-succeed-trelford-2322911.html">"New editor chosen for 'Observer': 'Guardian' deputy to succeed Trelford"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Farzad1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farzad1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVulliamy2003" class="citation news cs1">Vulliamy, Ed (18 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/may/18/Iraqandthemedia.iraq">"Writer hanged by Iraq 'no spy'"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ObserverBlog1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ObserverBlog1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/observerblog">Observer blog</a>, accessed 27 February 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GuardianObserverRelaunch1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianObserverRelaunch1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Cozens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/dec/19/theobserver.pressandpublishing">"Observer announces relaunch date"</a>, <i>The Observer</i>, 19 December 2005; accessed 27 February 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GuardianObserverRelaunch2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianObserverRelaunch2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive">The archive – summary of holdings</a>, accessed 27 February 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLtd" class="citation web cs1">Ltd, Magstar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402232510/http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=2000-2008-Winners">"Press Awards"</a>. <i>www.pressawards.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=2000-2008-Winners">the original</a> on 2 April 2016.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-guardian-20080103-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-20080103_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Brook2008" class="citation news cs1">Stephen Brook (3 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jan/03/theobserver.pressandpublishing">"Mulholland reshapes Observer team"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20080402-der-spiegel-issue-islam-banned-egypt-egypt-germany">"Der Spiegel issue on Islam banned in Egypt"</a>. <i>France24</i>. 2 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mulholland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/help/insideguardian/2010/feb/21/new-observer">"Welcome to the new Observer"</a>, Guardian.co.uk, 21 February 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGayle2021" class="citation web cs1">Gayle, Damien (28 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jul/28/the-guardian-most-widely-used-newspaper-website-and-app-for-news-according-to-ofcom">"Guardian most widely used newspaper website and app for news, says Ofcom"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWarringtonMawardi2024" class="citation web cs1">Warrington, James; Mawardi, Adam (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240918090828/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/09/17/the-guardian-accounts-sell-observer-tortoise/">"The Guardian in talks to sell The Observer to former BBC News chief"</a>. <i><a href="The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/09/17/the-guardian-accounts-sell-observer-tortoise/">the original</a> on 18 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFarberCahill2024" class="citation web cs1">Farber, Alex; Cahill, Helen (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240918051757/https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/guardian-media-group-in-talks-to-sell-the-observer-jkq9mpq6x">"Guardian Media Group in talks to sell The Observer"</a>. <i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/guardian-media-group-in-talks-to-sell-the-observer-jkq9mpq6x">the original</a> on 18 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCahillFarber2024" class="citation web cs1">Cahill, Helen; Farber, Alex (19 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240919165824/https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/journalists-revolt-over-planned-sale-of-observer-to-tortoise-media-6zbf2bt89">"Journalists revolt over planned sale of Observer to Tortoise Media"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/journalists-revolt-over-planned-sale-of-observer-to-tortoise-media-6zbf2bt89">the original</a> on 19 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWarrington2024" class="citation web cs1">Warrington, James (19 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240919075850/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/09/19/guardian-staff-accuse-management-of-betrayal-over-observer/">"Guardian staff accuse management of 'betrayal' over Observer sale talks"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/09/19/guardian-staff-accuse-management-of-betrayal-over-observer/">the original</a> on 19 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/dec/06/sale-of-observer-to-tortoise-media-agreed-in-principle">"Sale of the Observer to Tortoise Media agreed in principle"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 6 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPonsford2024" class="citation news cs1">Ponsford, Dominic (6 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/nationals/observer-sold-tortoise-media/">"Scott Trust approves sale of The Observer to Tortoise Media"</a>. <i>Press Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/dec/18/observer-appoints-lucy-rock-as-editor-as-tortoise-media-sale-confirmed">"Observer appoints Lucy Rock as editor as Tortoise Media sale confirmed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 18 December 2024. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.co.uk/contributor/james-harding">"James Harding"</a>. <i>The Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGavriel_Hollander2003" class="citation web cs1">Gavriel Hollander (27 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/observer-launch-new-monthly-technology-supplement">"Observer to launch new monthly technology supplement"</a>. <i>Press Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/observer-wins-top-prize-at-newspaper-awards">"Observer wins top prize at 2014 Newspaper Awards"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014110104/http://www.press-business.com/pdf/2006_01_press_business.pdf">"New editor at the FINANCIAL TIMES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Press Business</i> (1). February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press-business.com/pdf/2006_01_press_business.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/2017/jun/26/how-to-access-guardian-and-observer-digital-archive">"How to access past articles from the Guardian and Observer archive"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 15 November 2017.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2018/jan/18/paul-webster-appointed-new-editor-of-the-observer">"Paul Webster appointed new editor of The Observer"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (Press release). 18 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/dec/18/observer-appoints-lucy-rock-as-editor-as-tortoise-media-sale-confirmed">"Observer appointed Lucy Rock as editor"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (Press release). 18 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Whitmore2019" class="citation news cs1">Greg Whitmore (3 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/nov/03/stuart-heydinger-obituary">"Stuart Heydinger obituary"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gazetteroll-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteroll_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteroll_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteroll_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Press_Gazette" title="Press Gazette">Press Gazette</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=99&navcode=92#">Roll of Honour</a>, accessed 24 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616181807/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=99&navcode=92">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Richard Cockett (1990), <i>David Astor and The Observer</i>, <a href="Andr%C3%A9_Deutsch" title="André Deutsch">André Deutsch</a>, London. 294 pp. with index. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-233-98735-5</bdi>. Has endpapers that are facsimiles of <i>The Observer</i>, with other black-and-white photographic plates of personnel linked to the newspaper.</li>

<li><a href="Jane_Bown" title="Jane Bown">Jane Bown</a> (2015), <i>A Lifetime of Looking</i>, <a href="Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a> Ltd.<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-783-35088-1</bdi>. Contains the most iconic photos she took for <i>The Observer</i> from 1949 to the last photo she took a few months before her death in December 2014. Photos include <a href="The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, <a href="Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <a href="Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">the Queen</a>, <a href="John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> and <a href="Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Observer_(British_newspaper)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:The Observer (British newspaper)">The Observer (British newspaper)</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.co.uk/">Official website</a></span></span> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/observer">former website as part of <i>The Guardian</i></a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/2012/jul/25/digital-archive-notice"><i>DigitalArchive</i> paid-for service</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028140700/http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/gmgplc/aboutus/abthistory/">History of the Guardian Media Group 1821–2004</a>; as of 28 October 2005; Guardian Media Group</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/11/2"><i>Observer</i> timeline</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/2">History of the <i>Observer</i></a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Guardian_Media_Group235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries and<br>divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Guardian_Weekly" title="The Guardian Weekly">The Guardian Weekly</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian.com">Guardian.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_Australia" title="Guardian Australia">Guardian Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_New_Zealand" title="Guardian New Zealand">Guardian New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_US" title="Guardian US">Guardian US</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures and<br>shareholdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ascential" title="Ascential">Ascential</a> (50%)</li>

<li>Development Hell (29.5%)</li>

<li>Seven Publishing (41.9%)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GMG_Radio" title="GMG Radio">GMG Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Trader_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Trader Media Group">Trader Media Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="C._P._Scott" title="C. P. Scott">C. P. Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_Student_Media_Award" title="Guardian Student Media Award">Guardian Student Media Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Trust">Scott Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Edward_Taylor" title="John Edward Taylor">John Edward Taylor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="UK_national_newspapers,_magazines,_and_other_periodicals412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">UK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Newspapers(history,_circulation)213" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">Newspapers</a><br>(<a href="History_of_British_newspapers" title="History of British newspapers">history</a>, <a href="List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">circulation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compact_(newspaper)" title="Compact (newspaper)">Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_i_Paper" title="The i Paper">The i Paper</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Middle-market_newspaper" title="Middle-market newspaper">Middle-market</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">Tabloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sunday_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday People">The Sunday People</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Star (United Kingdom)">Daily Star</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Daily_Star_Sunday" title="Daily Star Sunday">Daily Star Sunday</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sunday_Sport" title="Sunday Sport">Sunday Sport</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Weekend_Sport_(tabloid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend Sport (tabloid)">Weekend Sport</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Midweek_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Midweek Sport">Midweek Sport</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Online</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="5Pillars" title="5Pillars">5Pillars</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and<br>other periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_magazines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines in the United Kingdom">List of magazines in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_magazines_by_circulation#United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines by circulation">List of magazines by circulation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radio_in_the_UK412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#National_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">National<br>stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC Radio 4 Extra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_5_Sports_Extra" title="BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra">BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_6_Music" title="BBC Radio 6 Music">BBC Radio 6 Music</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_National_DAB" title="BBC National DAB">BBC National DAB</a> (multiplex)</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Independent_National_Radio" title="Independent National Radio">Independent<br>/ commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Absolute_Radio_Network" title="Absolute Radio Network">Absolute Radio Network</a></dd>

<dd><a href="British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">BFBS Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Capital_(radio_network)" title="Capital (radio network)">Capital</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Capital_Xtra" title="Capital Xtra">Capital Xtra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a> (multiplex)</dd>

<dd><a href="Greatest_Hits_Radio" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Heart_(radio_network)" title="Heart (radio network)">Heart</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hits_Radio" title="Hits Radio">Hits Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kiss_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss Network">Kiss Network</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Magic_(UK_radio_station)" title="Magic (UK radio station)">Magic</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Magic_Classical" title="Magic Classical">Magic Classical</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="RNIB_Connect_Radio" title="RNIB Connect Radio">RNIB Connect Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sound_Digital" title="Sound Digital">Sound Digital</a> (multiplex)</dd>

<dd><a href="Smooth_Radio_(2014)" title="Smooth Radio (2014)">Smooth Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Talksport" title="Talksport">talkSPORT</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Talk_(streaming_service)" title="Talk (streaming service)">TalkRadio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Virgin_Radio_UK" title="Virgin Radio UK">Virgin Radio UK</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Local_and_regional_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">Regional<br>and local<br>stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#BBC_Local_Radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of BBC Local Radio stations</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_Foyle" title="BBC Radio Foyle">BBC Radio Foyle</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a>

<dl><dd><a href="BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent<br>/ commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Community_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of community radio stations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Commercial_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of local commercial radio stations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Semi-national_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Hospital_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of hospital radio stations</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pirate radio in the United Kingdom">Pirate radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a> (RSL)

<ul><li><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#RSL_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of RSL stations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Student_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of student radio stations</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li>

<li><a href="FM_broadcasting_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="FM broadcasting in the UK">FM broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Academy" title="Radio Academy">Radio Academy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radio_Academy_Awards" title="Radio Academy Awards">Radio Academy Awards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Independents_Group" title="Radio Independents Group">Radio Independents Group</a></li>

<li><a href="RAJAR" title="RAJAR">RAJAR</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">Most listened to programmes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television_in_the_UK412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Principalchannels(list)133" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal<br>channels<br>(<a href="List_of_television_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of television channels in the United Kingdom">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC</a>/<a href="UKTV" title="UKTV">UKTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a></dd>

<dd><a href="BBC_Scotland_(TV_channel)" title="BBC Scotland (TV channel)">BBC Scotland</a></dd>

<dd><a href="CBeebies" title="CBeebies">CBeebies</a></dd>

<dd><a href="U%26Alibi" title="U&Alibi">U&Alibi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="U%26Drama" title="U&Drama">U&Drama</a></dd>

<dd><a href="U%26Yesterday" title="U&Yesterday">U&Yesterday</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel 4</a>/<a href="S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></dd>

<dd><a href="E4_Extra" title="E4 Extra">E4 Extra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="4seven" title="4seven">4seven</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="5Select" title="5Select">5Select</a></dd>

<dd><a href="5Action" title="5Action">5Action</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Comedy Central Extra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nicktoons_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (British TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></dd>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Challenge_(TV_channel)" title="Challenge (TV channel)">Challenge</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Cinema</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Comedy" title="Sky Comedy">Sky Comedy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Crime" title="Sky Crime">Sky Crime</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Documentaries" title="Sky Documentaries">Sky Documentaries</a></dd>

<dd><a href="History_(European_TV_channel)" title="History (European TV channel)">Sky History</a></dd>

<dd><a href="H2_(A%26E_Networks)" title="H2 (A&E Networks)">Sky History 2</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Nature" title="Sky Nature">Sky Nature</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Replay" title="Sky Replay">Sky Replay</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Showcase" title="Sky Showcase">Sky Showcase</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Box_Office" title="Sky Box Office">Sky Sports Box Office</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Sports_F1" title="Sky Sports F1">Sky Sports F1</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Sports_News" title="Sky Sports News">Sky Sports News</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sky_Witness_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Witness (TV channel)">Sky Witness</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Animal_Planet_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Planet (British TV channel)">Animal Planet</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Boomerang_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)">Boomerang</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cartoon_Network_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cartoonito_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoonito</a></dd>

<dd><a href="CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Discovery_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Discovery Channel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Discovery_History" title="Discovery History">Discovery History</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Discovery_Science_(European_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Science (European TV channel)">Discovery Science</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Discovery_Turbo" title="Discovery Turbo">Discovery Turbo</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Investigation_Discovery_(European_TV_channel)" title="Investigation Discovery (European TV channel)">Investigation Discovery</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Quest_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (TV channel)">Quest</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Quest_Red" title="Quest Red">Quest Red</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Really_(TV_channel)" title="Really (TV channel)">Really</a></dd>

<dd><a href="TNT_Sports_(United_Kingdom)" title="TNT Sports (United Kingdom)">TNT Sports</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative Entertainment UK Limited</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Great!_Action" title="Great! Action">Great! Action</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Great!_Movies" title="Great! Movies">Great! Movies</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Great!_Romance" title="Great! Romance">Great! Romance</a></dd>

<dd>Great! Real</dd>

<dd><a href="Great!_TV" title="Great! TV">Great! TV</a></dd>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services<br>and<br>platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television_by_region#United_Kingdom" title="Cable television by region">cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_4_(VoD_service)" title="Channel 4 (VoD service)">Channel 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital television in the United Kingdom">digital</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">digital terrestrial</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_DTT_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of DTT channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li>

<li><a href="Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a></li>

<li><a href="Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a>

<ul><li><a href="Freesat%2B" title="Freesat+">Freesat+</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a></li>

<li><a href="High-definition_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-definition television in the United Kingdom">high-definition</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_HD_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of HD channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Local_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local television in the United Kingdom">local television</a></li>

<li><a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Player">Pop Player</a></li>

<li><a href="Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_television" title="Television in the United Kingdom">satellite</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_free-to-air_channels_at_Astra_28.2%C2%B0E_(Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom)" title="List of free-to-air channels at Astra 28.2°E (Ireland and the United Kingdom)">List of channels</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a>

<li><a href="Sky_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Glass">Sky Glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Sky_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Stream">Sky Stream</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li>

<li><a href="TVPlayer" title="TVPlayer">TVPlayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin Media</a>

<ul><li><a href="FilmFlex" title="FilmFlex">FilmFlex</a></li>

<li><a href="YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analogue_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue television in the United Kingdom">analogue</a>

<ul><li><a href="Analogue_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">analogue terrestrial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a>

<ul><li><a href="Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a></li>

<li><a href="On_Demand_(Sky)" title="On Demand (Sky)">On Demand</a></li>

<li><a href="TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin Media</a>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3_Mills_Studios" title="3 Mills Studios">3 Mills Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_Cymru_Wales_New_Broadcasting_House" title="BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House">BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">BBC Elstree Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_Pacific_Quay" title="BBC Pacific Quay">BBC Pacific Quay</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Bottle_Yard_Studios" title="The Bottle Yard Studios">The Bottle Yard Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcasting_House%2C_Belfast" title="Broadcasting House, Belfast">Broadcasting House, Belfast</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcasting_House%2C_Bristol" title="Broadcasting House, Bristol">Broadcasting House, Bristol</a></li>

<li><a href="Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_Street_Studios" title="Gas Street Studios">Gas Street Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Leeds_Studios" title="The Leeds Studios">The Leeds Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Maidstone_Studios" title="The Maidstone Studios">The Maidstone Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">Mailbox Birmingham</a></li>

<li><a href="MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a></li>

<li><a href="Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Riverside_Studios" title="Riverside Studios">Riverside Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Roath_Lock" title="Roath Lock">Roath Lock</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Sharp_Project" title="The Sharp Project">The Sharp Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Sky_Campus" title="Sky Campus">Sky Campus</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Studios_Manchester" title="Space Studios Manchester">Space Studios Manchester</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_Centre%2C_London" title="Television Centre, London">Television Centre, London</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Broadcasting_House%2C_Cardiff" title="Broadcasting House, Cardiff">Broadcasting House, Cardiff</a></li>

<li><a href="Dickenson_Road_Studios" title="Dickenson Road Studios">Dickenson Road Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Fountain_Studios" title="Fountain Studios">Fountain Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Hospital_Club" title="The Hospital Club">The Hospital Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Limehouse_Studios" title="Limehouse Studios">Limehouse Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="The_London_Studios" title="The London Studios">The London Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Broadcasting_House%2C_Manchester" title="New Broadcasting House, Manchester">New Broadcasting House, Manchester</a></li>

<li><a href="Pebble_Mill_Studios" title="Pebble Mill Studios">Pebble Mill Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Teddington_Studios" title="Teddington Studios">Teddington Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_Centre%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne">Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_Centre%2C_Southampton" title="Television Centre, Southampton">Television Centre, Southampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Boat_Studios" title="Upper Boat Studios">Upper Boat Studios</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Television_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Television in Northern Ireland">Television in Northern Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_Scotland" title="Television in Scotland">in Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_Wales" title="Television in Wales">in Wales</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_former_TV_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of former TV channels in the United Kingdom">Defunct channels</a></li>

<li><a href="Edinburgh_International_Television_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Television Festival">Edinburgh International Television Festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Television in the United Kingdom">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_years_in_British_television" title="List of years in British television">List of years</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Viewing_statistics" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Viewing statistics</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most watched television broadcasts">Most-watched broadcasts</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Banijay_UK_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Banijay UK Productions">Banijay UK Productions</a></li>

<li><a href="Bauer_Media_Audio_UK" title="Bauer Media Audio UK">Bauer Media Audio UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel Four Television Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust" title="Daily Mail and General Trust">Daily Mail and General Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Dentsu_International" title="Dentsu International">Dentsu International</a></li>

<li><a href="Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a></li>

<li><a href="EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_plc" title="Future plc">Future plc</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Media_%26_Entertainment" title="Global Media & Entertainment">Global Media & Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Haymarket_Media_Group" title="Haymarket Media Group">Haymarket Media Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li>

<li><a href="National_World" title="National World">National World</a></li>

<li><a href="News_Broadcasting" title="News Broadcasting">News Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_Holdings" title="Press Holdings">Press Holdings</a></li>

<li><a href="Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a></li>

<li><a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li>

<li><a href="STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV Group</a></li>

<li><a href="TalkTalk_Group" title="TalkTalk Group">TalkTalk Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_Media_O2" title="Virgin Media O2">Virgin Media O2</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd.</a></li>

<li><a href="Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_book_publishers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of largest book publishers of the United Kingdom">List of largest UK book publishers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and<br>regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="BBC_Board" title="BBC Board">BBC Board</a> (formerly: <a href="BBC_Trust" title="BBC Trust">BBC Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Board_of_Governors_of_the_BBC" title="Board of Governors of the BBC">Board of Governors of the BBC</a>)</li>

<li><a href="British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport_Committee" title="Culture, Media and Sport Committee">Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_Recognition_Panel" title="Press Recognition Panel">Press Recognition Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C Authority</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and<br>trades bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">British Phonographic Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcasting%2C_Entertainment%2C_Cinematograph_and_Theatre_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union">Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearcast" title="Clearcast">Clearcast</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_TV_Group" title="Digital TV Group">Digital TV Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Equity_(trade_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (trade union)">Equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Everyone_TV" title="Everyone TV">Everyone TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Publishers_Guild" title="Independent Publishers Guild">Independent Publishers Guild</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Union_of_Journalists" title="National Union of Journalists">National Union of Journalists</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Publishers_Association" title="The Publishers Association">The Publishers Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Television_Society" title="Royal Television Society">Royal Television Society</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BBC_Academy" title="BBC Academy">BBC Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Media in England

<ul><li><a href="Media_in_Birmingham" title="Media in Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_in_London" title="Media in London">London</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media in Scotland</a>

<ul><li><a href="Media_in_Aberdeen" title="Media in Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_in_Dundee" title="Media in Dundee">Dundee</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_in_Glasgow" title="Media in Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media in Wales</a>

<ul><li><a href="Media_in_Cardiff" title="Media in Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_student_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of student newspapers in the United Kingdom">Student press</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/294378940">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8274148997659759870009">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4185016-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007289006105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/874249">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/9f775a99-3a35-4a0b-be32-f24a01d7a7c9">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/14205">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/00717787-c3bb-48cb-badb-261bacc36d98">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=The_Observer&oldid=1300713804">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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